Martha Fones was from Groton, Suffolk, England. She married her cousin, John Winthrop, there on February 8, 1631, and in the following August the entire Winthrop family moved to America, save one younger brother of her husband. After ten weeks at sea, they landed at Boston on November 4.
The following March her husband was elected an Assistant to the Governor, and just a year later was the leader of a group of twelve men who founded Ipswich. Martha died there in the autumn of 1634 with an infant daughter.
Governor John Winthrop (Trinity College, Dublin, Inner Temple, London) was the eldest son of Governor John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts Bay, by his first wife, Mary Forth. Eldest of the six children of the marriage, he was born at the manor house in Groton, Suffolk, England, when his father was eighteen years old. Before the boy was ten, his mother died. He was sent to the celebrated Free Grammar School of Bury St. Edmunds, and at sixteen entered Trinity College, Dublin, living somewhat under the supervision of his uncle by marriage, Emmanuel Downing, then resident of Ireland. Subsequently he studied law in London and was admitted a barrister at the Inner Temple, February 28, 1624/1625. He soon gave up the law, however, and through the influence of Joshua Downing, then one of the commissioners of the Royal Navy, secured an appointment in May 1627 as secretary to Captain Best, and served with the fleet which was dispatched to the relief of La Rochelle. Because of the complete failure of the expedition he had no hope of promotion, and thought for a time of going to New England with the settlers in 1628 under John Endecott, but instead started on an extensive tour of Europe. After fourteen or fifteen months - three spent at Constantinople, two at Venice and Padua - and visits to Leghorn and Amsterdam among other places, he returned to London and found that his father had resolved to emigrate to New England. This decision met the young traveler's favor: all countries, he said, had come to seem like so many inns, "and I shall call that my country, where I may most glorify God, and enjoy the presence of my dearest friends" ("Life and Letters of John Winthrop," I, 307). When the father sailed for America in 1630, the son remained behind in England to settle many business affairs, to sell the family's landed property, and to look after his stepmother and several of his brothers and sisters. On February 8, 1631, he married his cousin, Martha Fones, and in the following August embarked for America with all the other members of the family, save one younger brother. After ten weeks at sea, they landed in Boston on November 4. In March following he was elected as Assistant, and just a year later was the leader of the group of twelve men who founded Ipswich. He remained there until after the death of his wife and an infant daughter in the autumn (probably September) of 1634. In October of that year he sailed for England. His vessel was driven ashore on the coast of Ireland by a storm and he landed at Galway, stopped at Dublin on the way to Scotland, and then drove to London, visiting influential Puritans on the way. While he was in England, his father's friends Lord Say and Sele and Lord Brooke undertook to start a plantation in Connecticut, making young Winthrop governor and agreeing to supply him with men, money, and supplies. His commission, issued in July 1635, appointed him governor for one year after arrival at his post. He set sail with his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Edmund Reade of Wickford, Essex, and stepdaughter of the Reverend Hugh Peter, who, with Henry Vane, took passage in the same vessel, reaching Boston on October 6, 1635. An advance party was at once sent out to prepare for the Connecticut settlement by buillding a fort at Saybrook, the defense of which was soon entrusted to Lion Gardiner. Winthrop followed the pioneers in March 1636. In the autumn he hastened back to Boston, after the birth of his daughter, Elizabeth, and it is doubtful that he visited Connecticut again during his year as governor. He once more settled in Ipswich, where he was chosen lieutenant colonel of the Essex militia and one of the prudential men of the town. By the autumn of 1639 he appears to have moved to Salem, much to the regret of the inhabitants of Ipswich, of whom a considerable number claimed in a petition that they had been induced to settle there only on condition that Winthrop would remain with them for life. About this time the elder Winthrop lost a considerable part of his property and the son came to his assistance. He had given up his right of entail to the family estates in England in order to arrange for his father's emigration, but he had a moderate fortune of his own, inherited from his mother. His father's financial difficullties, however, put a burden upon him and thereafter sought to give more time to his personal affairs. He sold some of his landed property, the General Court made him a grant of money, and he also obtained a grant of Fisher's Island in Long Island Sound. He began the manufacture of salt and tried to interest English capitol in the erection of iron works. In order to promote his various schemes, he sailed again for England, August 3, 1641, and was gone over two years. With a group of skilled workmen he had gathered together he embarked for the return voyage in May 1643 but did not reach Massachusetts until autumn, after an extraordinarily long trip. After examining favorable sites for iron works in Maine, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, he set up a furnace at Lynn and another at Braintree, where in 1644 the General Court granted him 3,000 acres for the encouragement of iron making. In the same year he was given leave to found a settlement in the Pequot country of Connecticut for a similar purpose. He had built a house on Fisher's Island, to which place he took his family, and at the same time was building a more permanent home at what was to become New London. He was made a magistrate for Pequot (New London) in 1648 but also retained his public offices in Massachusetts, and made frequent journeys between the two colonies. After the death of his father in 1649, he decided to remain permanently in Connecticut, declining reelection as an Assistant in Massachusetts after having served continuously for eighteen years. In 1650 he was admitted freeman of Connecticut and in May 1651 was elected as Assistant. A few years later he moved to New Haven, where he again undertook to develop iron works and would probably soon have been chosen governor of the New Haven Colony had not Connecticut acted first, electing him chief executive in 1657. His consequent removal to Hartford marked the permanent attachment of his interest to the
Connecticut Colony.
Since the Connecticut laws did not permit two successive gubernatorial terms,
he was elected lieutenant governor in 1658, but after that the law was altered
and from 1659 until his death in 1676 he was annually elected governor. The
most important among his many services to the colony during his eighteen years
as its head was his mission to England in 1661-1663 to obtain a charter.
Possessed of many influential friends and a winning personality, he gained
the favor of the king, and returned to New England with the most liberal
charter that had yet been granted to any colony, making Connecticut almost an
independent state and including within its new boundaries the former colony
of New Haven. The provision aroused intense opposition in New Haven, but in
the long run proved advantageous. In 1664 Winthrop was present by request of
the British commander at the surrender of New Netherland.
Winthrop had always possessed a strongly scientific mind and had been particularly interested in chemistry. While in England in 1663 he was elected a member of the Royal Society - the first member resident in America - and in New England his knowledge of medicine was much in command. He was ahead of his period in that his varied interests were scientific rather than theological, and also in that he believed that New England's future lay in manufacturing
and commerce rather than in agriculture. The papers which he contributed to the Royal Socciety and his letters to scientific friends abroad deal with a range of subjects including trade, banking, new methods of manufacture, and
astronomy. He predicted the discovery of a fifth satellite to Jupiter, although the instruments of his time were not powerful enough to confirm his theory. In his commercial undertakings he was not successful. Neither his iron, lead, nor salt works prospered, and a number of his mercantile ventures brought him heavy losses because of the hazards of the Dutch War. Though at his death he left an unusually large estate in land in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York, his old age was harassed by continual anxiety over his business affairs. He twice requested to be relieved of the office of governor, but each time the colony refused, increasing his salary from time to time and making him
occasional grants of land. In 1675, at the outbreak of King Philip's War, he asked for a third time to be relieved of the responsibility of office, but again the colony declined. In September he went to Boston to attend a meeting of the Commissioners of the United Colonies; he spent the winter there, and in March took a cold, which led to his death in April.
Winthrop was undoubtedly one of the most engaging New Englanders of his day, and probably the most versatile. Wherever he settled and to whatever he turned his hand, it was with the greatest reluctance that his temporary associates would let him go. He was tolerant and kindly toward some of the same persons who were treated harshly in Massachusetts, such as Samuel Gorton, John Underhill, the Quakers, and Roger Williams. The last named, with whom Winthrop formed a lasting friendship, once wrote of him: "You have always been noted for tendernes toward mens soules....You have been noted for tendernes toward the bodies and infirmities of poor mortalls"
(Massachusetts Historical Society
Collections, 4 ser. VI, 305). Though probably a lesser character than his
father, he was certainly one of the ablest and most interesting of his own
generation.
more sources: On the message board this person wants to correspond with Winthrops, and asks people to give their linneage. Many people have done so.
http://genforum.genealogy.com/winthrop/messages/1.html.3
When Gov. John came on the Arbella she was pregnant and remained in England. Later her stepson John Winthrop II, an adult, came with her. Margaret and Gov. John were happily married for many years. Margaret's book, "Margaret," is available through InterLibraryLoan and is worth reading.
http://genforum.genealogy.com/winthrop/messages/69.html.