Judith was born in Brittany about 982, the daughter of Conon I 'le Tort', duc de Bretagne, and Ermengarde d'Anjou. About the year 1000 she became the first wife of Richard II 'the Good', duke of Normandy, son of Richard I 'the Fearless', duke of Normandy, and his wife Gunnor. They had six children of whom four would have progeny, including Richard III and Robert, known as 'the Devil', who would both be dukes of Normandy.
About 1010 Judith founded the abbey of Bernay, thanks to a dower from her husband during their marriage. She died in Normandy on 17 June 1017, and was buried in the abbey she had founded. Since the Revolution her grave remains in the Church of Notre Dame de la Couture in Bernay.
Ralph White Maxwell, 71, died peacefully on Wednesday, January 15, 2020 at Pacifica Senior Living, following an extended illness.
He was born November 20, 1948 to Ralph and Eleithe (White) Maxwell and was a lifelong resident of Salt Lake City. Ralph was a 1967 graduate of Skyline High School. He was a talented artist and had a passion for basketball, including the Utah Jazz.
He is survived by his brother, Henry Lynn (Christine) Maxwell, of Sarasota, Florida; along with many nieces, nephews, and cousins.
A memorial gathering will be held at 11:00 a.m. on Wednesday, February 5, 2020 in the Wasatch Lawn Mortuary Chapel, 3401 South Highland Drive (1450 East), Millcreek.
Dedication of the grave will directly follow the gathering.
Those interested are invited to attend a lunch in the Kenwood First Ward Building, 1765 East 3080 South, Millcreek, following the gathering and dedication.
Published in the Salt Lake Tribune and Deseret News from February 2 to February 3, 2020.
Robert was born in 1104, the son of Robert I de Beaumont, 1st earl of Leicester, comte de Meulan, and Elisabeth de Vermandois. He was the twin brother of Galeran IV. There is no knowing whether they were identical or fraternal twins, but the fact that they are remarked on by contemporaries as twins indicates that they probably were in fact identical.
The two brothers were adopted into the royal household shortly after their father's death in June 1118 (upon which Robert inherited his father's second title of Earl of Leicester). Their lands on either side of the Channel were committed to a group of guardians, led by their stepfather, William de Warenne, 2nd earl of Surrey, 2nd earl of Warenne. They accompanied King Henry I to Normandy, to meet with Pope Calixtus II in 1119, when the king incited them to debate philosophy with the cardinals. Both twins were literate, and Abingdon Abbey later claimed to have been Robert's school, but though this is possible, its account is not entirely trustworthy. A surviving treatise on astronomy carries a dedication 'to Earl Robert of Leicester, the man of affairs and profound learning, most accomplished in matters of law' who can only be this Robert. On his death he left his own psalter to the abbey he founded at Leicester, which was still in its library in the late fifteenth century. Its existence indicates that like many noblemen of his day, Robert followed the canonical hours in his chapel.
In 1120 Robert was declared of age and inherited most of his father's lands in England, while his twin brother took the French lands. However in 1121 royal favour brought Robert the great Norman honours of Breteuil and Pacy-sur-Eure, with his marriage to Amicie de Gael, dame de Breteuil et de Pacy-sur-Eure, daughter of Raoul, seigneur de Montfort-Gael et de Brecilien, Breteuil et Pacy, and Havoise, dame de Hede et Montauban. Their son Robert and three daughters would all have progeny.
Robert spend a good deal of his time and resources over the next decade integrating the troublesome and independent barons of Breteuil into the greater complex of his estates. He did not join in his brother's great Norman rebellion against King Henry I in 1123-4. He appeared fitfully at the royal court despite his brother's imprisonment until 1129. Thereafter the twins were frequently to be found together at Henry I's court.
Robert held lands throughout the country. In the 1120s and 1130s he tried to rationalise his estates. Leicestershire estates of the See of Lincoln and the earl of Chester were seized by force. This enhanced the integrity of Robert's block of estates in the central midlands, bounded by Nuneaton, Loughborough, Melton Mowbray and Market Harborough.
In 1135 the twins were present at King Henry's deathbed. Robert's actions in the succession period are unknown, but he clearly supported his brother's decision to join the court of the new king Stephen for Easter 1136. During the first two years of the reign Robert is found in Normandy fighting rival claimants for his honour of Breteuil. Military action allowed him to add the castle of Pont St. Pierre to his Norman estates in June 1136 at the expense of one of his rivals. From the end of 1137 Robert and his brother were increasingly caught up in the politics of the court of King Stephen in England, where Galeran secured an ascendancy which lasted until the beginning of 1141. Robert participated in his brother's political coup against the king's justiciar, Roger of Salisbury (the bishop of Salisbury).
The outbreak of civil war in England in September 1139 brought Robert in conflict with Robert de Caen, 1st earl of Gloucester, the bastard son of Henry I and principal sponsor of Empress Matilda. His port of Wareham and estates in Dorset were seized by Gloucester in the first campaign of the war. In that campaign the king awarded Robert de Beaumont the city and castle of Hereford in a bid to establish the earl as his lieutenant in Herefordshire, which was in revolt. It is disputed by scholars whether this was an award of a second county to Robert. Probably in late 1139, Robert refounded his father's collegiate church of St. Mary de Castro in Leicester as a major Augustinian abbey on the meadows outside the town's north gate, annexing the college's considerable endowment of the abbey.
The Battle of Lincoln on 2 February 1141 saw the capture and imprisonment of King Stephen. Although Robert's brother Galeran valiantly continued the royalist fight in England into the summer, he eventually capitulated to the empress and crossed back to Normandy to make his peace with the empress's husband Geoffrey V, comte d'Anjou et Maine. Robert had been in Normandy since 1140 attempting to stem the Angevin invasion, and negotiated the terms of his brother's surrender. He quit Normandy soon after and his Norman estates were confiscated and used to reward Norman followers of the empress. Robert remained on his estates in England for the remainder of King Stephen's reign. Although he was a nominal supporter of the king, there seems to have been little contact between him and Stephen, who did not confirm the foundation of Leicester Abbey until 1153. Robert's principal activity between 1141 and 1149 was his private war with Ranulph de Meschines, 2nd earl of Chester. Though details are obscure it seems clear enough that he waged a dogged war with his rival that in the end secured him control of northern Leicestershire and the strategic Chester castle of Mountsorrel. When Robert de Caen, earl of Gloucester, died in 1147, Robert of Leicester led the movement among the greater earls of England to negotiate private treaties to establish peace in their areas, a process hastened by the empress's departure to Normandy, and complete by 1149. During this time the earl also exercised supervision over his twin brother's earldom of Worcester, and in 1151 he intervened to frustrate the king's attempts to seize the city.
The arrival in England of Duke Henry, son of Empress Mathilda, in January 1153 was a great opportunity for Robert. He was probably in negotiation with Henry in that spring and reached an agreement by which he would defect to him by May 1153, when the duke restored his Norman estates to the earl. The duke celebrated his Pentecost court at Leicester in June 1153, and he and the earl were constantly in company until the peace settlement between the duke and the king at Winchester in November 1153. Earl Robert crossed with the duke to Normandy in January 1154 and resumed his Norman castles and honours. As part of the settlement his claim to be chief steward of England and Normandy was recognised by Henry.
Robert began his career as chief justiciar of England as soon as Duke Henry succeeded as King Henry II in October 1154. The office gave the earl supervision of the administration and legal process in England whether the king was present in or absent from the realm. He appears in that capacity in numerous administrative acts, and had a junior colleague in the post in Richard de Luci, another former servant of King Stephen. The earl filled the office for nearly fourteen years until his death, and earned the respect of the emerging Angevin bureaucracy in England. His opinion was quoted by learned clerics, and his own learning was highly commended.
He died on 5 April 1168, probably at his Northamptonshire castle of Brackley, for his entrails were buried in the hospital in the town. He was received as a canon of Leicester on his deathbed, and buried to the north of the high altar of the great abbey he had founded and built. He left a written testament of which his son the third earl was an executor, as we learn in a reference dating to 1174.
In addition to the abbey of St. Mary de Pré, in Leicester, Robert founded in England the Cistercian abbey of Garendon in 1133, the Fontevraldine priory at Nuneaton between 1155 and 1160, the priory of Luffield, and the hospital of Brackley. He refounded the collegiate church of St. Mary de Castro as a dependency of Leicester Abbey around 1164, after suppressing it in 1139. Around 1139 he refounded the collegiate church of Warcham as a priory of his abbey of Lyre in Normandy. His principal Norman foundations were the priory of Le Désert in the forest of Breteuil and a major hospital in Breteuil itself. He was a generous benefactor of the Benedictine Abbey of Lyre, the oldest monastic house in the honour of Breteuil.
Robert de Bellomont, or Beaumont (son of Roger, grandson of Turlof [Tourade] of Pont Audomere by Wevia, sister to Gunnora, wife of Richard I, Duke of Normandy), came into England with the Conqueror and contributed mainly to the Norman triumph at Hastings. This Robert inherited the earldom of Mellent in Normandy from his mother Adelina, dau. of Waleran, and sister of Hugh (who took the habit of monk in the abbey of Bec), both Earls of Mellent. Of his conduct at Hastings, William Pictavensis thus speaks: "A certain Norman young soldier, son of Roger de Bellomont, nephew and heir to Hugh, Earl of Mellent, by Adelina his sister, making the first onset in that fight, did what deserveth lasting fame, boldly charging and breaking in upon the enemy with that regiment which he commanded in the right wing of the army," for which gallant services he obtained sixty-four lordships in Warwickshire, sixteen in Leicestershire, seven in Wiltshire, three in Northamptonshire, and one in Gloucestershire, in all ninety-one. His lordship did not however arrive at the dignity of the English peerage before the reign of Henry I, when that monarch created him Earl of Leicester. The mode by which he attained this honour is thus stated by an ancient writer: "The city of Leicester had then four lords, viz., the king, the bishop of Lincoln, Earl Simon, and Yvo, the son of Hugh de Grentmesnel. This Earl of Mellent, by favour of the king, cunningly entering it on that side which belonged to Yvo (then governor thereof, as also sheriff and the king's farmer there), subjecting it wholly to himself, and by this means, being made an earl in England, exceeded all the nobles of the realm in riches and power." His lordship m. 1096, Isabel, dau. of Hugh, Earl of Vermandois
This great earl is characterised as "the wisest of all men betwixt this and Jerusalem in worldly affairs, famous for knowledge, plausible in speech, skillful in craft, discreetly provident, ingeniously subtile, excelling in prudence, profound in council, and of great wisdom." In the latter end of his days he became a monk in the abbey of Preaux, where he d. in 1118, and was s. in the earldom of Leicester by his 2nd son, Robert. [Sir Bernard Burke, Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited and Extinct Peerages, Burke's Peerage, Ltd., London, England, 1883, p. 42, Bellomont, Earls of Leicester]
ROBERT OF MEULAN, LORD OF MEULAN and BEAUMONT, EARL OF LEICESTER, was the leading lay adviser to both William II and Henry I. Although in the course of a long public life he amassed extensive estates in England, Normandy and France, Robert was
the nearest thing to a king's minister that contemporary circumstances allowed, the more remarkable as his successors as royal lay advisers -- with the exception of his own son Robert of Leicester, justiciar to Henry II -- tended to come from
less exalted ranks of the nobility, men such as the justiciars Ranulf (de) Glanvill(e), Geoffrey FitzPeter, and Hubert de Burgh. Robert's career made a distinctive impression on contemporaries and affords a rare glimpse into how eleventh
century politics worked.
The son of a prominent Norman magnate, Roger of Beaumont, and his wife, Adeline, daughter of Waleran, Count of Meulan, Robert made his name by his deeds at his first battle, Hastings. Thereafter, during his father's lifetime, Robert sought his fortune in England. By 1087, he had become one of William I's active curiales and held land in England worth a significant but not spectacular £254. In the early 1080's he had inherited the county of Meulan from his maternal uncle but, despite succeeding to fiefs of Beaumont and Pont Audemer when his father entered the abbey of St. Peter at Préaux (c. 1090), his interests and loyalties remained Anglo-Norman. Unusually, he faithfully supported all of the first three post-Conquest kings. After spending much of 1087-93 in France securing his inheritance, from 1093 he emerged as William Rufus's closest counsellor, playing a prominent role in the dispute with Anselm and the king's French campaigns.
On the sudden death of Rufus in August 1100, Robert smoothly transferred his allegiance to Henry I. For the last eighteen years of his life, Robert appears as the most frequent witness to the new king's charters, a reflection of his influence. By 1107 when, perhaps in reward for his part in Henry's acquisition of Normandy, Robert was given the earldom of Leicester, he had become a major landowner in England as well as northern France, with estates especially extensive in the Midlands. While Roger of Salisbury ran the royal administration, centered upon the Treasury and Exchequer, Robert's influence was in politics, diplomacy and the law. Robert played a crucial role in furthering Henry's cause in Normandy 1103-6 and undermining that of the duke, Robert Curthose, with whom Robert of Meulan had long had strained relations. He continued to be closely involved in the dispute with Archbishop Anselm, his prominence recognised by Pope Paschal II who identified Robert by name for excommunication in 1105. However, Robert was instrumental in securing a compromise with Anselm, finally concluded at Bec in 1106, and in persuading Henry I to stick to the agreement, to moderate church taxes and
restore church lands. In 1109, Robert 'with flattery, coaxing and apology' tried to persuade Archbishop Thomas of York to profess obedience to the see of Canterbury, an attempt repeated with Thomas's successor, Thurstan, in 1116.
As a significant Norman lord, wealthy French count and English earl, with experience in public affairs stretching back to the 1060s, Robert was well placed to further his own interests. He established an elaborate, almost quasi-regal administration for his English and continental lands: in England he had his own exchequer, in imitation of the new royal accounting office. At Leicester, he restored the Anglo-Saxon court of portmanmote, a tribunal of twenty-four, to replace trial by combat. He insisted that his twin sons, Waleran and Robert, both of whom were to play leading political roles in the next generation, received good educations. He was tenacious of his own rights and lands. In 1111, in revenge for an attack on Meulan, he ravaged the French king's capital at Paris causing so much damage that Ile de la Cité required extensive rebuilding. Ruthless in manipulating his position and the law to acquire new estates, on his deathbed he characteristically refused to restore any lands he had illegally seized.
Robert's private life may not have been untroubled. He had married late (c. 1096) Isabel of Vermandois who was alleged to have eloped with William of Warenne, who she subsequently married before Robert's death. As in contemporary Romances, so in life, infidelity and chivalry could be close companions.
Robert's interests in public affairs and desire to influence royal business, although personally enriching, was not solely self-seeking. To Robert was attributed Henry I's less aggressive, less ostentatious and more conciliatory tone of government, notably towards the church and in the delicate handling of the prickly Norman baronage. William of Malmesbury wrote of Robert as 'the persuader of peace, the dissuader of strife . . . urging his lord the king rigourously to enforce the law; and himself not only abiding by existing laws but proposing new ones.' Henry of Huntingdon described him as "the wisest man between this and Jerusalem." Not the least of Robert's achievements may have been to temper Henry's notorious personal brutality. Orderic Vitalis, who may well have met Robert, attributed to him a remarkable political testament delivered to Henry I in 1101. This may stand as a blueprint for effective medieval political management which, even if of the chronicler's invention, suggests what policies contemporaries associated with Robert.
'We . . . to whom the common utility is committed by Divine Providence, ought to seek after the safety of the kingdom and of the Church of God. Let our chief care be to triumph peacefully without the shedding of Christian blood, and so that our faithful people may live in the serenity of peace . . . Speak gently to all your knights; caress them all as a father does his children; soothe them with promises; grant whatever they might request and in this manner cleverly draw all to your favour . . . do not hesitate to make magnificent promises, as is fitting to royal munificence. It is better to give away a small portion of the kingdom than to lose both victory and life to a host of enemies. And when . . . we have come to the end of this business (withstanding the threat of Robert Curthose), we will suggest useful measures for recovering the demesnes usurped by rash deserters in time of war.'
It is worth noting that the 'useful measures' mentioned included accusations of treason, deprivation of patrimonies, and forced exile. As with all successful medieval politicians, Robert of Meulan knew that violence and the threat of violence was the strongest supporter of conciliation.
When Robert died in 1118, his lands appear to have been divided between his twin sons, Robert and Waleran, while a third son, Hugh, became earl of Bedford in 1138. [Who's Who in Early Medieval England, Christopher Tyerman, Shepheard-Walwyn,
Ltd., London, 1996; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1961 ed., Vol. 3, p. 274, BEAUMONT].2